የጥበቃ እና መዝናኛ መምሪያ መጠበቅ. መከላከል. መደሰት.
የጥበቃ እና መዝናኛ መምሪያ 
ማውጫስፕሩስ እና የፈር ደኖች
የዚህ ቡድን ማህበረሰቦች በቀይ ስፕሩስ (Picea rubens) ወይም በፍራዘር ፈር (አቢስ ፍሬስሪ) የበላይ ተመልካቾች በ coniferous እና ድብልቅ ደኖች ተለይተው ይታወቃሉ። ተመሳሳይ ደኖች ከዌስት ቨርጂኒያ ደቡብ እስከ ምዕራብ ሰሜን ካሮላይና እና ምስራቃዊ ቴነሲ በ Appalachians ይከሰታሉ።
Fraser fir forests reach their northern range limit in southwestern Virginia, where they are confined to elevations above 1,700 m (5,400 ft) on Mount Rogers in Grayson and Smyth Counties. Habitats are characterized by extremely acidic, organic-rich soils; cold microclimates; high rainfall; frequent fogs; and lush bryophyte cover. Understory layers are sparse, while mountain wood fern (Dryopteris campyloptera) and mountain wood-sorrel (Oxalis montana) dominate a relatively dense herb layer. Near the lower elevation limits, mixtures of Fraser fir and red spruce are characteristic. Fraser fir-dominated vegetation is seriously threatened by air pollution and destruction of fir stands by the balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae), an introduced insect pest.
Red spruce (Picea rubens) forests similar in composition to those of the North Carolina and Tennessee high mountains are restricted to high-elevation slopes and summits of the Southern Blue Ridge (> 1,300 m [4,300 ft]) in Grayson, Smyth, and Washington Counties and Clinch Mountain (> 1,400 m [4,600 ft]) in Russell and Tazewell Counties. Environmental conditions are similar to those of the Fraser fir forests. Southern mountain-cranberry (Vaccinium erythrocarpum) and hobblebush (Viburnum lantanoides) are prevalent shrubs in the typical stands of these communities. A rarer community type features overwhelming shrub dominance by evergreen rhododendrons (Rhododendron maximum and Rhododendron catawbiense). Yellow blue-bead lily (Clintonia borealis), mountain wood fern (Dryopteris campyloptera), mountain wood-sorrel (Oxalis montana), shining clubmoss (Huperzia lucidula), and Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense) are abundant herbs rooting in the thick moss cover. As lower elevation limits are approached, co-dominance by hardwoods, particularly yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), increases.
Red spruce forests and spruce-hardwood mixtures also occur locally at high elevations of Allegheny Mountain (above 1,100 m [3,600 ft]) and Jack Mountain (above 1,280 m [4,200 ft]) in Highland County, but differ considerably from the Southern Blue Ridge and Clinch Mountain stands. At least two compositional variants, associated with submesic ridge crests and mesic stream-head valleys, are present on Allegheny Mountain. Distinctly southern species are nearly lacking from these forests, while northern species such as late lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), stiff ground-pine (Spinulum annotinum), prickly tree-clubmoss (Dendrolycopodium dendroideum), and staghorn clubmoss (Lycopodium clavatum), are abundant.
በተከለከሉ የጂኦግራፊያዊ እና የከፍታ ወሰኖች ምክንያት በዚህ የስነምህዳር ቡድን ውስጥ ያሉ ሁሉም የማህበረሰብ ዓይነቶች በአለም አቀፍ ደረጃ ብርቅዬ እንደሆኑ ተደርገው ይወሰዳሉ። የቀይ ስፕሩስ ደኖች ለሰሜን የሚበር ስኩዊር (ግላኮሚስ ሳብሪኑስ ፉስከስ) በፌዴራል እና በግዛት የተዘረዘሩ የመጥፋት አደጋ ያለባቸው ዝርያዎች የቨርጂኒያ ብቸኛ ምቹ መኖሪያዎችን ያቀርባሉ። ከስፕሩስ እና ከጥንታዊ ደኖች ጋር የተያያዙ ሌሎች ዓለም አቀፍ ወይም የግዛት ጠቀሜታ ያላቸው እንስሳት ፒግሚ ሳላማንደር (ዴስሞኛቱስ ራይትይ)፣ ዌለር ሳላማንደር (ፕሌቶዶን ዌለሪ) እና በመንግስት አደጋ የተጋረጠ የበረዶ ጫማ (Lepus americanus virginianus) ይገኙበታል። የሰሜን ወፎች ቁጥር፣ ሰሜናዊውን የመጋዝ ጉጉት (ኤጎሊየስ አካዲከስ)፣ ሄርሚት ትሮሽ (ካታሩስ ጉታቱስ)፣ ማግኖሊያ ዋርብለር (ሴቶፋጋ ማግኖሊያ)፣ ወርቃማ ዘውድ ኪንግሌት (Regulus satrapa)፣ ቀይ-ጡት ያለው ኑታች (ሲታ ካናደንሲስ ) ፣ እና ክረምት ግሎዲ ትሮፌቲስ ኮንቴይሬሽን) በቨርጂኒያ ውስጥ ለመራባት ደኖች.
ማጣቀሻዎች፡ Adams (1991)፣ ቤይሊ እና ዋሬ (1990)፣ ፍሌሚንግ እና ኮሊሊንግ (2001)፣ ፍሌሚንግ እና ሞርሄድ (1996)፣ McLaughlin እና ሌሎችም። (1987)፣ ፒልኬ (1981)፣ ራዊንስኪ እና ሌሎችም። (1994)፣ ራይንሃርት እና ዋሬ (1984)፣ ስሚዝ እና ኒኮላስ (1999)፣ ስቴፈንሰን እና አዳምስ (1984)፣ ስቲቨንስ (1969)።
የዚህን የስነምህዳር ማህበረሰብ ቡድን ተጨማሪ ፎቶዎች ለማግኘት እዚህ ጠቅ ያድርጉ ።
© DCR-DNH, ጋሪ ፒ. ፍሌሚንግ.
።
