የጥበቃ እና መዝናኛ መምሪያ መጠበቅ. መከላከል. መደሰት.
የጥበቃ እና መዝናኛ መምሪያ 
ማውጫሞንታኔ ደረቅ እና ደረቅ-ሜሲክ ካልካሪየስ ደኖች
ይህ ቡድን በዋነኛነት የሞንታይን፣ የተቀላቀለ ጠንካራ እንጨትና የኦክ ዛፍ አካል ያለው እና በኖራ ድንጋይ፣ ዶሎስቶን ላይ እና አልፎ አልፎ በጣም ካልካሪየስ ሼልስ፣ ሲልትስቶን እና የአሸዋ ድንጋይ ላይ ይገኛሉ። በዚህ ቡድን ውስጥ ያሉ ማህበረሰቦች የተለያየ ገጽታ ያላቸው እና ለም አፈር ያላቸው ፍትሃዊ የዜሮክ ተዳፋት እና ሸርተቴዎች ስር ይገኛሉ። የተመደቡት የማህበረሰቡ ዓይነቶች የጂኦግራፊን፣ የአፈርን እርጥበት፣ የአፈርን ጥልቀት እና ገጽታ እርስ በርስ በማገናኘት ይለያሉ እና በግምት ወደ “ደረቅ” እና “ደረቅ-ሜሲክ” ስብስቦች ይከፋፈላሉ።
Dry calcareous forests occur on subxeric to xeric, fertile habitats over carbonate formations of limestone and dolostone, or very rarely highly calcareous siltstone or shale. Habitats are steep, usually rocky, south- to west-facing slopes at elevations from < 300 to 900 m (< 1,000 to 2,900 ft). Soils vary from circumneutral to moderately alkaline and have high calcium levels. Confined in Virginia to the mountains, these communities are most frequent and extensive in the Ridge and Valley, but occur locally in both the Blue Ridge and Cumberland Mountains. Tree canopies vary from nearly closed to quite open and woodland-like. Overstory mixtures of chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), black maple (Acer nigrum), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Quercus alba), Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii), white ash (Fraxinus americana) and blue ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata, extreme southwest Virginia only) are typical. These forests and woodlands share many understory and herbaceous plants with the Piedmont / Mountain Basic Woodlands group and are similarly species-rich. A few of the taxa that are confined to or most important in the limestone and dolostone communities include Carolina buckthorn (Frangula caroliniana), round-leaved ragwort (Packera obovata), robin's-plantain (Erigeron pulchellus var. pulchellus), American beakgrain (Diarrhena americana), slender muhly (Muhlenbergia tenuiflora), black-seed ricegrass (Patis racemosa), limestone purple sedge (Carex purpurifera, in extreme southwestern Virginia only), hairy sunflower (Helianthus hirsutus), small-headed sunflower (Helianthus microcephalus), northern leatherflower (Clematis viorna), and white death-camas (Anticlea glauca). Logging and fire exclusion are probably the biggest threats to dry calcareous forests.
Dry-mesic calcareous forests occur in deeper soils of valley sideslopes, lower mountain slopes, gentle crests, and ravines up to about 1,150 m (3,800 ft) elevation. Forests of this group are widely distributed in the Ridge and Valley province, more local in the Cumberland Mountains, and rare in the northern Piedmont Triassic Basin. Mixtures of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), black maple (Acer nigrum) , chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), white oak (Quercus alba), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), black oak (Quercus velutina), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and hickories (Carya spp.) are typical. A distinctive variant is co-dominated by eastern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis), usually in association with eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and hardwoods. Tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) is most abundant as an invader of logged stands. Understory and herbaceous vegetation varies from sparse to lush (especially on limestone sites), but is generally dominated by species characteristic of submesic soil moisture conditions, such as white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima var. altissima), hog-peanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata), common eastern bromegrass (Bromus pubescens), sharp-lobed hepatica (Hepatica acutiloba), and common black cohosh (Actaea racemosa).
ደረቅ-ሜሲክ ካልካሪየስ ደኖች ከሀብታም ኮቭ እና ተዳፋት ደኖች ወይም ከመሠረታዊ የሜሲክ ደኖች የሚለዩት ብዙም ጥበቃ በማይደረግላቸው ቦታዎች ላይ በመገኘታቸው እና እንደ ሰማያዊ ኮሆሽ (Caulophyllum thalictroides) ያሉ ታዋቂ የሜሶፊቲክ ፎርቦች በሌሉበት ነው (Caulophyllum thalictroides)፣ ሰፊ ቅጠል ያለው የውሃ ቅጠል (ሃይድሮፊሊም ካንደል ኔፖርት)። ለግብርና ሲባል ብዙ ደረቅ-ሜሲክ ካልካሪየስ ደኖች በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ተቆርጠዋል ወይም ወድመዋል። በአንዳንድ ሁኔታዎች፣ የኦክ-ሂኮሪ ደኖችን ወረራ የሚያስከትለው ይመስላል (በተለይም የስኳር ሜፕል) ምናልባትም ለረጅም ጊዜ በእሳት መገለል ምክንያት ሊሆን ይችላል። ነጭ አመድ፣ በደረቅ እና በደረቅ-ሜሲክ ካልካሪየስ ደኖች ውስጥ በጣም የተለመደ ተዛማች ዛፍ፣ በአሁኑ ጊዜ በኤመራልድ አሽ ቦረር ወረርሽኝ ምክንያት ከፍተኛ ሞት እያጋጠመው ነው።
ማጣቀሻዎች፡- ፍሌሚንግ (1999)፣ ፍሌሚንግ እና ኩሊንግ (2001)፣ ፍሌሚንግ እና ሞርሄድ (1996)፣ ፍሌሚንግ እና ሞርሄድ (2000)፣ ራዊንስኪ እና ሌሎችም። (1996)የዚህን የስነምህዳር ማህበረሰብ ቡድን ተጨማሪ ፎቶዎች ለማግኘት እዚህ ጠቅ ያድርጉ ።
© DCR-DNH, ጋሪ ፒ. ፍሌሚንግ.
ሰባት የማህበረሰብ ዓይነቶች በ 102 መጠናዊ ሴራ ናሙናዎች ይደገፋሉ (ምስል 1 )። የአብዛኞቹ ክፍሎች ምደባ በትክክል ጠንካራ ነው፣ ነገር ግን ከኩምበርላንድ ተራሮች እና ከደቡብ ሪጅ እና ሸለቆዎች ብቻ የሚታወቁት የሶስቱ ዓይነቶች ሙሉ ስርጭት እና ደረጃ ገና ግልፅ አይደለም እና ተጨማሪ እቃዎች ያስፈልጉታል። በ NatureServe Explorer የቀረበውን አለምአቀፍ የUSNVC መግለጫ ለማየት ከታች ባለው ማንኛውም የደመቀ CEGL ኮድ ላይ ጠቅ ያድርጉ።
ከዚህ በታች ለተዘረዘሩት ለእያንዳንዱ የማህበረሰብ ዓይነቶች የተቀናበረ ማጠቃለያ ስታቲስቲክስ የተመን ሉህ ያውርዱ ።
